Essay Depression in Teens - 888 Words

Today’s teenagers are faced with the ever changing world around them and the biological changes of their bodies. Many teens are also faced with depression. Approximately half of teenagers with untreated depression may attempt suicide, which remains the third leading cause of death in this age group. (Bostic). This depression affects their school, family lives, and robs them of their self image. Depression affects many teens and often goes by unnoticed and untreated. What is depression? Depression is the most common of all psychological disorders, affecting 100 million people worldwide. The depression ranges from mild feelings of uneasiness, sadness, and apathy to intense suicidal despair. (Kasschau) If left untreated, it could lead the†¦show more content†¦What causes depression? The main cause of depression is stress. Some teens stress over trying to achieve academic success, while others might stress about their family and home life. Bullying can also be a major cause of depression. Being bullied or teased will cause their self-esteem to lower and inflict a feeling of being inferior to others. Other causes or depression could be problems in their personal life such as break ups or fights with friends. The maximum amount of mental, physical, and emotional distress one can experiences to become depressed can vary from person to person. How does it affect their school performance? Two of the more common symptoms of depression are lack of focus, and an inability to concentrate for extended periods of time (Martin). This can cause a drop in ones grades and decrease participation in group projects or presentations. For some, their depression could be bad enough to where it is hard for them to get out of bed to go to school, causing more absences. Some may get themselves in to trouble more often. Depression can also make them isolate themselves from other students and teachers. As a teen said in an interview, â€Å"I used to be an excellent student, always got 100’s. I got depression, and they all went down. I was so distracted. I was so confused. I wanted to rebel. I felt horrible.†Show MoreRelatedTeen Depression In Teens1284 Words   |  6 PagesAlex Leon Mrs. Kim Roberts English IV 21 October 2017 Depression in Teens Depression is a mental disorder or an mental illness that impacts people all around the world. In America, it has grown tremendously since 1980 and has been affecting younger and younger people, it was once only affecting adults but in recent years has been getting to adolescents and children. Most recently more than 10 percent of adolescents develop a depressive disorder before the age of 18(Collins, 2017). In this paperRead MoreDepression in Teens1459 Words   |  6 Pageswhile loved ones work to help in any way possible. One of the serious mental illnesses that teens struggle with is depression. There are various aspects as to why an adolescent may develop depression including social, academic, or family problems, as well as stress or past issues; however, if others recognize the warning signs, complications can be avoided and treatment obtained to overcome depression. Depression â€Å"extends beyond sadness to the point of illness which affects one’s ability to properlyRead MoreTeen Depression1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The research project my group and I decided to do was on teen depression. We wanted teens to be more familiar with this major teen issue and how it affects our daily lives. Teen depression is a major concern and it is not fully acknowledged within high schools. Many people even adults don’t understand the results of teen depression. The statistics on teen depression are sobering. Studies indicate that one in five children have some sort of mental, behavioral, or emotional problemRead MoreTeen Depression3489 Words   |  14 Pagesresponsibility and days filled with fun, laughter and joy. This reality is a fairytale for some teenagers. Adolescent depression is a real and growing problem in our society. Numbers of depression diagnosed in adolescents are on the rise. Is this because of more depressed teenagers, or is there an explanation for this. Are there underlying problems or causes for the high depression numbers? Is there something that we can do to help these teenager s. What are the symptoms and diagnoses. Factors contributingRead MoreTeenage Depression And Teen Depression792 Words   |  4 Pages Teen depression, which is also known as adolescent depression, is a growing problem in today’s society. Depression among teenagers is overlooked by many and is often mistaken for â€Å"normal† teenage behavior. This mental illness is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Depression is predominantly seen amongst young women who are transitioning into adulthood. Teenagers are at a point in their lives where they come face to face with the reality of peer pressure and a milestone in becomingRead MoreTeen Depression : Teenage Depression1477 Words   |  6 Pages Teenage Depression Depression has a major impact on the lives of teenagers; And through analysis it says that teen girls have a higher risk at suffering depression. Depression grows more and more everyday in today s society. While researching more about depression realized that teenage girls are at a higher risk for depression. Depression is an common and serious medical illness that negatively affectsRead MoreTeen Depression : The Problem Of Teenage Depression, And Teen Suicide721 Words   |  3 PagesTeen depression is a definite topic most people are unaware of and depression is a worldwide issue and is the leading disability. Depression can lead to many things, from anxiety to thoughts of suicide. Things like social media is a big cause of depression. Everyone has those days where they are feeling sad or maybe even just having a bad day. Sometimes, it goes even more downhill. When it turns into something major, it becomes a real problem. Some p eople ignore the issue, brushing it off as a â€Å"phaseRead MoreTeen Depression Essay749 Words   |  3 Pages Teen depression ultimately impacts this society generation . Recognizing the signs and diagnostics that could prevent teenagers with this mental illness. , Be aware there are several different types of depression . Teens from one or more types. Teenage depression is becoming a problem in today’s society. However, Depression, it’s a mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness and lost of interest also called clinical depression it affects how you feel , thinkRead MoreEssay on Teen Depression1653 Words   |  7 PagesClinical depression is capable of ruining the future. In a few years, teenagers will be moving up in the world and beginning their lives as contributing members of society. Each one of them will have a job, and will encounter countless other individuals. The dilemma that the world faces is about 17% of teenagers will suffer from depression before they become adults (Canada). This impacts connections not only in the political/business world, but their personal lives and growth as well. TeenageRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Teens1268 Words   |  6 Pagesuntreated, even a lifetime. An estimated 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression. Of these affected, one in eight teens suffer from this disease (World Health Organ ization, para. 1). Depression is an attenuating disease, affecting teens at an increasing rate, and it is essential for one to know what teenage depression is, how depression affects teenagers and what can be done to prevent it. Depression in teens is a mental health condition that causes a continuous feeling of sadness over

Nutrition Essentials For Nursing Practice - 955 Words

Nutrition Essentials for Nursing Practice is a class that is not only required but also necessary for the future endeavors of my career. These past weeks, although on the internet, this class is and has been very informative. We have covered several topics that have included topics such as but not limited to Peptic Ulcer, Cardiac, Vitamin D Deficiency, and the one that I appreciated the most, Chronic Kidney Disease, in which I was just diagnosed since starting this term. So not only did we view and discuss these topics, but we were given cases to study as real clients. This class is to help us assist our patients clients with their nutrition needs. This class taught us to figure BMI of our clients as well as how to help figure how many†¦show more content†¦Mr. J also has enlarge prostate. The medication that Mr. J takes for his enlarged prostate is Finasteride (P) 5 mg one tablet by mouth every day. Mr. J does not consume any alcohol at any given time. He does however smo ke E-cigarettes. When asked about his diet Mr. J smiled and stated â€Å"O I eat, I have 8 acres of land that needs attending. I have projects I’m trying to get done. If I don’t eat I can’t work.† Mr. J says he eats three meals a day and snacks healthy. He states that he eats breakfast every morning which may consist of eggs, pancakes, or cereals with whole milk. His snacks are fruit, baby carrots, and broccoli with cheese. His dinner is that of frozen TV dinners, which consist of steak, chicken or beef with potatoes, corn, and or chunky soup that are made up of mixed vegetables. He said he started those a year ago after his wife passed after all she did all the cooking. He does not take any supplements. He does not eat any sweats at all. He states â€Å"I’ve being doing just fine I get great checkups every year so why change anything.† Mr. J knows he must take the best possible care of himself. My client is very dedicated to his health an d well being. After interviewing my client, I believe that with just a few minor adjustments it could lead to an even healthier lifestyle. One change would be to inform the client of the dangers of the e-cigarette. â€Å"The FDA themselves analyzed samples of two popular brands of e-cigarette. The investigators foundShow MoreRelatedThe Complex Problem Of Poor Nutrition1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe complex problem of poor nutrition in hospitals needs major improvements. Media coverage have arose their stories of hungry patients, lack of assistance with eating and drinking resulting in many of the patients being constantly ignored. Many of the patients who experience this are older people. In fact, today beds in all acute hospital specialties are mainly occupied by people aged more than 65 (Department of Health (DH), 2001). This issue has been ongoing and addressed by the DepartmentRead MoreTranscultural Nursing : An Integral Part Of The Culture Of Nursing Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesDue t o the rapidly diversifying world that we live in, transcultural nursing should be an integral part of the culture of nursing. By the year 2050 over half of the U.S. population will be comprised of non-white or racially diverse backgrounds (Andrews Boyle, 2016-a). Nursing schools and healthcare organizations should ensure that students and staff are appropriately prepared to care for diverse populations by providing transcultural skills education. In this post, I will define culturally diverseRead MoreBreastfeeding For The Pediatric Population1360 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant aspect of everyday nursing care in paediatric acute care facilities is the support and care of breastfeeding families† (p. 14). Nurses’ who implement the promotion of breastfeeding may pose many benefits for the well-bring of their clients such as; maternal and child bonding and health protection, child growth and development, and family and society protection (Bomer-Norton, 2014, p.88). Th erefore, breastfeeding promotion is essential and relevant to pediatric nursing care. This paper will exploreRead MoreMy Undergraduate Work At California Polytechnic State University920 Words   |  4 Pagesand well known for its Learn by Doing philosophy. I received a phenomenal education in science and nutrition helping me feel prepared to begin graduate studies in advanced practice nursing. Prior to Cal Poly, I planned a career in nursing, ultimately deciding that studying nutrition at Cal Poly could provide an excellent foundation. I found nutrition fascinating. During my maternal and child nutrition course my passion surrounding the health and wellness of women, particularly during pregnancy, solidifiedRead MoreNursing History Timeline1120 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline Christine Z. Liwag University of Phoenix Nursing is a profession where nurses take care of patients in the hospital and some nurses do it outside the hospital. Anyone can become a nurse as long as the individual completed an educational requirement from a certified nursing school. Long time ago, nursing profession is not considered as a career and often being ignored. When Florence Nightingale gave her attention to nursing, the profession becomesRead MoreNursing Theory : From A Self Care Perspective1536 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Theory: From a Self-Care Perspective Nursing theory has become vital aspect of health promotion and health restoration to not only nurses, but people in many areas of healthcare. Nursing theory gives nurses and other healthcare professionals a background on how nursing was preformed when our ancestors, like Florence Nightingale, first began nursing. Nursing theories also help healthcare professionals to see how nursing and other areas in health care will progress further into the futureRead MoreThe Needs Of The Elderly Patient1662 Words   |  7 Pagesadults increases, it’s essential that nurses understand how to care for this population. A key part of that care is lessening the risk for injury in this vulnerable population. This paper is the first in a three-part assignment in which I will interview an individual, over the age of 70, use assessment tools to measure their risk of injury, provide my overall impression of my findings, determine their medication knowledge and identify at least one actual or pote ntial nursing problem. My client forRead Morestudy grid Essay examples968 Words   |  4 PagesMaterial Case Study Grid List five factors of the patient’s history that demonstrate nursing needs. Complete the table below with the following information: Formulate three nursing diagnoses using the Problem, Etiology, and Signs and Symptoms (PES) format and the taxonomy of NANDA. The diagnoses must be based on the case study, be appropriate, be prioritized, and be formatted correctly. For each nursing diagnosis, state two desired outcomes using NOC criteria. Desired outcomes must be patient-centeredRead MoreThe Clinical Situation And Plan Nursing Interventions1468 Words   |  6 PagesHospital for a scheduled cholecystectomy. The intended procedure will be performed by a laparoscopy however there is a chance that a laparotomy may be required. The patient has no previous known medical condition. It will discuss and analysis the nursing interventions, therapeutic communication and person-centred approach to perioperative care. Surgery is a unique experience and no two people respond the same to similar operations. No matter how minor or major the surgery it can still be a stressRead MoreClinical Decision Making : Clinical Judgment Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesClinical judgment Clinical judgment is the clinical reasoning, which includes clinical decision-making, critical thinking, and a global grasp of the situation, coupled with nursing skills acquired through a process of integrating formal and informal experiential knowledge and evidence- based guidelines (AACN, n.d.). In the case of F.S., he was on isolation precautions due to his infection. The results from the cultures had yet to return, therefore the infection was not identified at that current

Factors Influencing Business Research Report Proposal

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing Business Research Report Proposal. Answer: Introduction The progressions of information and communication technology, particularly the growing use of internet in every business transaction have had a profound impact on the evolution of banking industry. The particular factor has become a global phenomenon in the creation of a truly global marketplace. Such scenario is significantly contributed by the penetration of internet banking in the developed economies of Western countries than that into the less developed nations in the world (Lee, Lee and Kim 2015). From the research conducted by Kesharwani and Singh Bisht (2012), it can be stated that poor economic conditions and lack of education and infrastructure in addition to the trust issues are the obvious factors playing the slowdown in the adoption of internet technology for the banking industry as part of their operations in the developing countries. The spatial and temporal separation between e-commerce and traditional commerce, as well as the significant unpredictability of the intern et infrastructure, create an implicit uncertainty over the acceptance of online services (Bhatti 2015). Therefore, the research is developed with the aim of exploring and determining the variety of factors that are likely to be involved in the acceptance of internet technology during the banking transactions conducted in the context of Middle East. Fundamental Concepts of Internet Banking The construction of electronic banking is a highly complicated phenomenon consisting of several distribution channels and making it a bigger platform in the era dominated by the technology (Nasri and Charfeddine 2012). The term electronic banking can be defined in multiple ways, where it is commonly known as the banking process performed through the internet. Safeena and Date (2015) have argued internet or electronic banking as the simple form of providing provision of information and banking services to the customers by the banking organizations through television, telephone, computers, and mobile phone. Similarly, Hanafizadeh, Keatin, and Khedmatgozar (2014) have significantly pointed out that internet banking refers to the electronic connection between banks and their customers for creating, managing, and controlling financial transactions. With the help of these reflections, it can be reported that the emergence of internet banking allows the customers to perform financial transa ctions in addition to checking or accessing their bank accounts promptly. Adoption of Internet Banking Adoption simply refers to as the process of accepting the changes associated with a product, service, or idea and continuing the utilisation. In this particular context, Montazemi and Qahri-Saremi (2015), consumers belonging to the banking industry tend to go through a process of knowledge, arguments, decision-making, and corroboration during adopting an individual product and service. From the principal application of the study, the mentioned factors are the responsible for significantly influencing the technologic acceptation and adoption throughout a specific community. Additionally, Raza and Hanif (2013) define innovation adoption process supports the individuals or a decision-making units to accept or reject a new idea for determining the implementation and confirmation in the subsequent phases. The study also suggests that the approval or rejection depends on the knowledge of the individuals or the units regarding the innovative concept helping it shape up their pertinent attit udes. Hence, knowledge and perception can be categorised as the significant factors influencing the adoption of e-banking within the chosen region or geography. Social Philosophy The continued rise of the raw power of internet technology has improved the overall transactional approaches while ensuring the sophisticated applications to become economically feasible (Suki 2015). In this case, the willingness of people to accept expanding power depends on harnessing the pivotal factors associated with the aspect while reducing technical barriers. Martins, Oliveira, and Popovi? (2014) have signified the essence of gathering useful understanding by the professionals and practitioners regarding the resistance from the population in using technologies. Such process helps them to adopt practical methods for evaluating technologies, predicting the responses generated by the users, and improving user acceptance for altering the nature of technologies. Research Questions and Hypotheses Research Questions This research is aimed to investigate the information, which is not adequately expressed by the previous study concerning the growth of internet banking from the context of Middle East. The entire research deals with the growing intention of the population towards the use of internet banking services and facilities. With compliance to the key focus of the study, the following research questions will be explored: What are the factors influencing the adoption of internet banking services and facilities among the customers of Middle East region? What are the specific roles of social factors like trust in the acceptance of internet banking by the customers of Middle East? Research Hypothesis H1: Attitude has the favourable impact on the intention of people to use internet banking H2: Perceived control over the behaviour has a beneficial impact on the adoption of internet banking H3: Trust plays a confident driver on the perceived behaviour of the population regarding the utilisation of internet banking Research Methodologies: Data Collection and Analysis Research Approaches and Methods According to Yoon and Steege (2013), research can be categorised into three different divisions depending on the nature and purpose of overall study and perceived problem, such as exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive. In case of this research, exploratory nature of research will be chosen for investigating the key areas and addressing the identified questions (Martins, Oliveira and Popovi? 2014). Based on the definition provided by Safeena and Date (2015), exploratory research is committed to developing a clear understanding regarding the chosen phenomenon or identified problem statement of a subject. It is also acknowledged that the appropriateness of exploratory study is based on the situation when the preliminary knowledge is absent regarding the problem statement. Therefore, the exploratory study deals with a valuable mean for finding out the key events and circumstances associated with the chosen scenario while gaining new insights by asking questions and assessing the phen omena (Yu 2012). Complying with the nature of exploratory study, the approaches and techniques of this study are designed in such a manner that can gain critical insight and understanding related to factors influencing adoption and approval of internet banking within the chosen region. However, the study is not driven to draw a superior conclusion of the selected topic. The fundamental validity behind the selection of such research approach is based on its increasing benefits related to flexibility and ability to adapt to the changing situations (Montazemi and Qahri-Saremi 2015). On the other hand, the research technique will chiefly rely on the adequate selection of literature, as information obtained from reviewing the scholarly work will provide a useful foundation to the definition of research questions through constructing the theoretical framework. Data Collection and Analysis Survey questionnaire will be used for collecting data with the intention of identifying factors influencing the adoption internet banking from the mindset of customers. In order to approach with the questionnaire and collect useful feedbacks from the population, a random sampling technique will be employed. Based on the application of such sampling techniques, both kinds of customers using internet banking or traditional banking can be engaged in the data collection process thereby ensuring the maintenance of uniformity to the overall process (Raza and Hanif 2013). In case of the questionnaires, the contained questions are entirely formed by extracting the key reflections from the identified literature. These questions are distributed in two sections, where the first segment will deal with the general information of the respondents, and subsequent portion will be committed to ascertain the perception of the participants regarding the acceptability and utilisation of internet banking. Moreover, the questionnaire will be formed in the close-ended basis by using the five-point likert scale. Lastly, the collected data are expected to be analysed by using statistical tools while tables, graphs, and charts will be utilised for presenting the findings and supporting the analysis (Hanafizadeh, Keating and Khedmatgozar 2014). The overall process is designed to ensure a comprehensive and systematic review for reaching the desired outcomes. Research Process Raza and Hanif (2013) signify that qualitative and quantitative are the two primary approaches in which the entire research process can be categorised. These two processes are the mostly used methods in the study of social science. Quantitative research deals with the involvement of numerical representation of data and interpretation of facts noted through the observation with the aim of describing the explaining the phenomena. In contrary, the qualitative research approach is based on involving the non-numerical explanation and interpretation dealing with the exploration of underlying facts and principles related to the patterns of relationships (Kesharwani and Singh Bisht 2012). Based on the nature of the research, all the approaches and process will be carried out by following the quantitative research, which is useful for providing detailed planning through the various measuring tools and techniques prior to the collection and analysis of data. Expected Outcomes The expected outcomes of the entire study are based on obtaining theoretical and practical implications from the results achieved from the identified set of data collections tools and relative approaches. It is also anticipated that the result of findings will reflect the key areas that require critical attention from the banking institutions thereby leading to the formation of functional recommendations. Conclusion It is estimated preliminarily that the banking organizations in Middle East region must need to demonstrate their apparent approaches towards both technological and trust-based issues for enhancing the behavioural intention among the customers. Such approach will be crucial for aiding them inclining towards the use of internet banking. Apart from that, it can be foreseen that some other underlying antecedents determining the behaviours of the customers from individual community will be elaborated through the concluding chapter of the study for enriching the overall understanding. References Bhatti, T., 2015. Exploring factors influencing the adoption of mobile commerce.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce,2007. Hanafizadeh, P., Keating, B.W. and Khedmatgozar, H.R., 2014. A systematic review of Internet banking adoption.Telematics and informatics,31(3), pp.492-510. Kesharwani, A. and Singh Bisht, S., 2012. The impact of trust and perceived risk on internet banking adoption in India: An extension of technology acceptance model.International Journal of Bank Marketing,30(4), pp.303-322. Lee, K.S., Lee, H.S. and Kim, S.Y., 2015. Factors influencing the adoption behavior of mobile banking: a South Korean perspective.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce,2007. Martins, C., Oliveira, T. and Popovi?, A., 2014. Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application.International Journal of Information Management,34(1), pp.1-13. Montazemi, A.R. and Qahri-Saremi, H., 2015. Factors affecting adoption of online banking: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling study.Information Management,52(2), pp.210-226. Nasri, W. and Charfeddine, L., 2012. Factors affecting the adoption of Internet banking in Tunisia: An integration theory of acceptance model and theory of planned behavior.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(1), pp.1-14. Raza, S.A. and Hanif, N., 2013. Factors affecting internet banking adoption among internal and external customers: a case of Pakistan.International Journal of Electronic Finance,7(1), pp.82-96. Safeena, R. and Date, H., 2015. Customer perspectives on e-business value: case study on internet banking.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce,2010. Suki, N.M., 2015. An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting the Internet Banking Adoption among Malaysian Consumers?.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce,2010. Yoon, H.S. and Steege, L.M.B., 2013. Development of a quantitative model of the impact of customers personality and perceptions on Internet banking use.Computers in Human Behavior,29(3), pp.1133-1141. Yu, C.S., 2012. Factors affecting individuals to adopt mobile banking: Empirical evidence from the UTAUT model.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,13(2), p.104.

Professional Communication and Consumer Behave in Online Shopping

Question: How do Consumer Behave in Online Shopping? Answer: Introduction Internet plays a significant role in the regular lives of people. Online or internet shopping has been widely accepted by the people globally as it provides them with more information and satisfaction. Online shopping behaviour consists of buying process of products and services on the internet. A consumer is no longer bound by locations and time as they seek convenience to find or shop things online (Cheng and Huang 2013). This report aims to analyse the behaviour of consumers while online shopping. The behaviour is supported by several theories and frameworks. The report also focuses on the challenges of problems in relation to online consumer behaviour as not everyone prefers buying products through the internet. Recommendations are provided to enhance the online shopping behaviour of individuals so that the people can adapt well to the online shopping and shift from the traditional to the new paradigm (Hong 2015). Interpretation and Analysis of Literature The consumers shopping preferences have taken a huge turn in the marketing world. The behaviour of consumers while shopping is influenced by three Rs- research, recommendations and returns. Firstly, in case of research, the consumers tend to access product information. The consumers have inclined their interest towards buying electronics, home furnishings and automotive online as they are available at competitive or cheaper prices online (Hong 2015). Secondly, recommendations and reviews help the customers in narrowing their choices. Certain consumers find it more comfortable when they read reviews of products and services from experts or uses. Personal recommendations from users guide the consumers in purchasing products online and encourage them to make a purchase. Lastly, returns are a normal part of the shopping process that has a negative as well as positive influence on the customers. If the consumers do not like the products, having a choice of returning products can enable th e purchase decision. However, the return feature may also build a perception among the consumers that the products might be dissatisfying and if they must purchase the products online (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). The Theory of Planned Behaviour According to the theory of planned behaviour, the individuals performance or behaviour is characterized by their intent to perform such behaviour. This theory is an extension of the theory of reasoned action in which the individuals have control over their behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour is a useful framework for explaining internet purchasing. There is direct relationship between perceived behavioural control and behaviour is considered strong and positive. The studies by Cheng and Huang (2013) have also used the theory of planned behaviour and theory of reasoned action to explain the intent towards internet purchasing. Benefits of Online Shopping Internet has revolutionized the way people shop. People prefer shopping online as it adds to convenience and saves the customers from shopping online. Cheaper prices and better deals are available online so the customers tend to research products online. The variety and offers while shopping online are vibrant that helps consumers a wide variety to choose. Prices can be compared for different brands easily and the customers do not have to visit different places to know the prices. The online shopping is less compulsive in nature and the customers buy only the products they require (Wu et al. 2014). Drawbacks of Online Shopping Privacy has been considered as one of the key reasons keeping the consumers from making online purchase. According to a study conducted by Wu (2013), privacy is one of the core reasons that dwindles trust of the consumers. The consumers doubt online purchase as they think that the information entered might be used by the companies to send them unwanted information. The studies have found a relationship between privacy concerns and trust in e-commerce related to privacy (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). According to the studies conducted by Pappas (2016), many consumers do not trust web providers as they might trap personal information while interacting with them. As per the views of many consumers, internet shopping is perceived as ore risky than print catalogue shopping as the online companies may deceive the consumers. The recent studies established a significant correlation between online transactions and customer attitudes (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). Factors Influencing Online Consumers Behaviour As mentioned by Wen (2013), uncertainty and consequence of a particular purchase are the two components of perceived risk. The five factors explained as under are found to be influencing the consumer behaviour in online purchase- Financial risk- According to a study conducted by Ashraf, Thongpapanl and Auh (2014), the Technology Acceptance Model examined different factors influencing online consumer behaviour. The study indicates the influence of financial risk, usefulness, convenience and attitude towards shopping. The consumers may not purchase products with heavy investment as there is high financial risk. The consumers are likely to purchase apparels or fast moving consumer goods as it has less investment (Giovanis 2011). Product performance risk- According to a study conducted by Sinha and Singh (2014) in Jordan, the relationship between social risk and time is insignificant. Product risk involves poor performance of a specific product or brand that does not meet the customer expectations. Due to inefficiency of the consumers, good quality products or brands in online stores may not be met. The researchers Sinha and Singh (2014) examined the skills of consumers to assess a particular brand or product. The features, colours, availability and other aspects can increase the product performance risk (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). Delivery risk- As suggested by Hong (2015), product delivery risk has a positive effect if the consumers place an order with the online merchant. Therefore, to minimize product delivery risk, customers must approach the trustworthy online sellers. The customers feel safe and secure in terms of product delivery when they place order from reliable vendors. According to the study conducted by Chiu et al. (2012), the customers had less intention to shop as their might be risk in product delivery. Trust and security factor- Ghazali et al. (2015) states that trust is a psychological factor like relating to the amount of protection of website and keeping information of customers safe. It is argued that trust and security has a significant influence on behaviour of online customers. Certain customers prefer going to supermarkets and retail stores to purchase products as they do not rely on revealing financial information on the website. Breach of customer trust has a negative influence on online shopping behaviour (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). Website design factor- Lee et al. (2016) examines that website design is one of the factors influencing online consumer behaviour. The study revealed that the consumers look for a user-friendly website that would guide them in online shopping. It was found that the categorization, colour combinations, font and designs used in the website influenced the online consumer needs positively. It is argued that if a website is easy to use, and it is simple to navigate, convenient to load webpage, and using it comfortably, there shall be greater frequency of using the website (Rose and Dhandayudham 2014). Conclusion Internet or online shopping is the latest model that can persuade the customers and retain them. A consumer is no longer bound by locations and time as they seek convenience to find or shop things online. The consumers have inclined their interest towards buying electronics, home furnishings and automotive online as they are available at competitive or cheaper prices online. If the consumers do not like the products, having a choice of returning products can enable the purchase decision. The theory of planned behaviour is a useful framework for explaining internet purchasing. Prices can be compared for different brands easily and the customers do not have to visit different places to know the prices. The consumers doubt online purchase as they think that the information entered might be used by the companies to send them unwanted information. The recent studies established a significant correlation between online transactions and customer attitudes. The consumers doubt online purchas e as they think that the information entered might be used by the companies to send them unwanted information. Recommendations Based on the above analysis and discussion, it is recommended that the consumers online behaviour can be influenced. Effective marketing strategies can be enhanced to target the appropriate consumer groups. The personal characteristics such as age, gender, life style, income status and education can influence the behaviour. Motivating factors such as convenience, availability of products and services, cost efficiency and time efficiency may be enhanced. The website must be secure to gain the trustworthiness of the customers. The willingness to buy or patronize online store can be enhanced through ensuring transaction security. The companies can also minimize the risk concern by carrying brand name such as Amazon. The brand name of the product can help improve the trust of the website. Integrated mechanism can be used to build trust in safeguarding the personal information of customers and avoiding misuse of credit card mode of payments. References Ashraf, A., Thongpapanl, N. and Auh, S., 2014. The Application of the Technology Acceptance Model Under Different Cultural Contexts: The Case of Online Shopping Adoption.Journal of International Marketing, 22(3), pp.68-93. Cheng, H. and Huang, S., 2013. Exploring antecedents and consequence of online group-buying intention: An extended perspective on theory of planned behavior.International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), pp.185-198. Chiu, C., Wang, E., Fang, Y. and Huang, H., 2012. Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e-commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal, 24(1), pp.85-114. Ghazali, N., Md Ariff, M., Ismail, K., Ali, A., Dawi, A. and Ishak, N., 2015. Characteristics of Trustees and Trustors Affecting Consumer Trust in Online Purchasing.Advanced Science Letters, 21(10), pp.3421-3424. Giovanis, A., 2011. Factors affecting Greek internet users' intentions to adopt online shopping: the perspective of an extended technology acceptance model.International Journal of Technology Marketing, 6(4), p.290. Hong, I., 2015. Understanding the consumer's online merchant selection process: The roles of product involvement, perceived risk, and trust expectation.International Journal of Information Management, 35(3), pp.322-336. Lee, T., Ariff, M., Zakuan, N., Sulaiman, Z. and Saman, M., 2016. Online Sellers Website Quality Influencing Online Buyers Purchase Intention.IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 131, p.012014. Pappas, N., 2016. Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, pp.92-103. Rose, S. and Dhandayudham, A., 2014. Towards an understanding of Internet-based problem shopping behaviour: The concept of online shopping addiction and its proposed predictors.Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2), pp.83-89. Sinha, P. and Singh, S., 2014. Product characteristics vis--vis consumers' risk perception: a conceptual study of online shopping. IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 13(2), p.40. Wen, I., 2013. Online Shopping of Travel Products: A Study of Influence of Each Dimension of travelers' Attitudes and the Impact of travelers' Online Shopping Experiences on Their Purchase Intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 14(3), pp.203-232. Wu, I., 2013. The antecedents of customer satisfaction and its link to complaint intentions in online shopping: An integration of justice, technology, and trust.International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), pp.166-176. Wu, L., Chen, K., Chen, P. and Cheng, S., 2014. Perceived value, transaction cost, and repurchase-intention in online shopping: A relational exchange perspective.Journal of Business Research, 67(1), pp.2768-2776.

ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essays

ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essays ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essay ADHD Diagnosis Relief and Fear for Others Essay Today, in the United States there are 5 million kids, adolescence and grownups that are diagnosed with larning disablements ( NCLD ) . There are no known factors that cause larning disablements ; therefore these disablements are non the consequence of economic disadvantages, environmental factors or cultural differences. To be labeled as holding a learning disablement is potentially stigmatising for both the person and household members MacMaster, Donovan A ; MacIntyre ( 2002 ) . Factors associating to being labeled can ensue in hapless socialisation accomplishments, academic failure, and cognitive shortages that might interfere with the development of the kid s self- regard. The National Center for Learning Disabilities ( NCLD ) classifies Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) as a acquisition disablement where the person has a trouble remaining attentive, commanding his or her behaviour and is overactive. About one tierce of persons with larning disablements besides ha ve ADHD. There is a contention among pedagogues sing the injury a kid goes through when they foremost find out that there is something incorrect with them ; Timimi A ; Leo ( 2009 ) believe that a individual diagnosing relieves emphasis, defeat and frights from the parent when they are faced with the complex undertaking of their kid s instruction. For whatever ground, some parents push for their kid to be labeled merely in order to have single services. However, there has been a recent realisation of the upset and hence an addition in the figure of persons that are diagnosed for intervention of ADHD. The quality of services the ADHD kid receives can change harmonizing to each school territory. Unlike specific subject-based larning disablements such as linguistic communication, reading or math, the option of stimulating medicine could be used to assist handle ADHD. The intervention of ADHD remains controversial while the diagnosing and prescriptions of stimulating medicine has gone t hrough a steep addition in the past few decennaries in most Western Societies Timimi ( 2009 ) . The addition in the figure of ADHD diagnosing is due to the better apprehension of ADHD, and the alteration in the manner society classifies and trades with kids s behaviours. This alteration is a move from believing about a kid s behaviour as normal to believing that these behaviours are symptoms of a medical status. This paper argues that the usage of stimulating medicine should non be an option for the intervention of ADHD in preschool-aged kids because they are still developing and demand to larn to command their urges. For kids in simple school, behavioural intervention should be the primary class of action and stimulating medicine should be considered as the last class of action. It is necessary for both age groups to develop womb-to-tomb accomplishments that train the encephalon how to concentrate instead than merely ordering medicine that could potentially lose its authority over clip. What is ADHD? Rowland, Lesesne A ; Abromowitz ( 2002 ) , province that presently, ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopment upsets of childhood. Daley, Jones, Hutchings and Thompson ( 2008 ) , describe ADHD as a continual form of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity that correlates with the kid s developmental province. These symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity typically arise in early childhood and can do cross-situational damage from place to school. Troubles include hapless ordinance of emotions, jobs with motor co-ordination and low defeat tolerance. Children with ADHD are at hazard of non developing appropriate socialisation accomplishments, may hold hapless academic accomplishment and hapless life-skills and this deficiency of basic accomplishments can transport into maturity. Those with ADHD tend to dawdle about two old ages behind their equals in societal development which explains why ADHD has co-morbidities with other psychiatric and developmental upsets i n about 30-70 % of kids with ADHD Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . These kids are more likely to see more societal rejection by their equals. Having ADHD is serious non merely to one s instruction, but to one s overall wellness. Those with ADHD are at an increased hazard for prosecuting in life endangering behaviours such as smoke, unprotected sex, intoxicant and drug maltreatment. It is reported that ADHD drivers have 50 % more moving misdemeanors and three times more accidents than the normal population Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . Woodard ( 2006 ) raises the concern that some parents and primary attention suppliers are discerning that stimulating medicine may ensue in a future maltreatment of illegal stimulation drugs. Children with ADHD usage more medical and mental wellness services than other kids because they are 10 times every bit likely to prosecute in ego inflicted hurt and twice every bit likely to run the hazard of serious hurt DiScala EL al.,1998. On a fiscal position, those wi th ADHD had twice the sum of medical costs and ten times the sum of outpatient mental wellness services compared to the normal population. Therefore, those with ADHD disproportionately use the mental wellness system. Monitoring and long term surveies on the effects of stimulating medicine are necessary in explicating a public wellness response and cut downing hazardous wellness behaviours. Rise in Diagnosis and Prescriptive Treatment of ADHD Timimi ( 2009 ) , states that in Western civilizations rates of diagnosing and prescriptions of psychiatric medicine for ADHD has dramatically increased in the last few decennaries. Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) , indicates the progressively big figure of kids being treated for ADHD is a concern for the overall general populace and wellness functionaries. The rapid addition in the figure of kids being prescribed medicine connects back to the concern over whether the diagnosing is being made decently Rowland et Al. ( 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 2 million kids have ADHD. Three quarters of these 2 million kids are identified as taking Ritaline, one of the more popular stimulation medicines used in the intervention of ADHD. In some of the more richness vicinities in the United States, it is noted that over 15 % of Caucasic male childs go toing simple school in are being treated with some signifier of stimulating medicine for ADHD. In 2005 ther e was a reported addition in baby doctors ordering an extra stimulation to the cocktail if the first medicine did non hold any important consequence on the kid s behavior Wolraich EL Al ( 2010 ) . The job is since there are no long term surveies on the effects of these medicines ; the long term hazard of medicating a kid throughout his or her school old ages is unknown. Another wellness concern is medication intervention is normally less effectual in existent universe scenes than in clinical tests even when conformity and side effects are apparent. Medication entirely does non normalise one s behaviour. Therefore, understanding those who respond ill to medicines is necessary so that other signifiers of intervention attacks can be developed ( Rowland, 2002 ) . Who is Performing the Diagnosis of ADHD Pediatric and household pattern doctors play an of import function in naming ADHD. Parents bring their kids into the doctor s office and merely a little part of kids will exhibit the overt symptoms of ADHD during the office visit Posey, Bassin A ; Lewis ( twelvemonth? ) ( 59 ) . Williams et al. , 2004 besides note that 45 out of 47A baby doctors surveyed reported ADHD as their most common diagnosing. It seems a speedy diagnosing in the baby doctor s office might be rushed and needs farther ratings since the kid might merely be holding a bad twenty-four hours. This is interesting since the diagnosing of ADHD is through proving done by multiple different beginnings including medical professionals and clinical ratings and trials. Rowland et al. , ( 2002 ) account for this is that the wellness attention system does non adequately counterbalance primary attention suppliers for mental wellness ratings. The links between primary attention suppliers and mental wellness specializers are ten uous and supply few inducements for supplying systematic follow ups after appraisal. Even when the DSM-IV standard is used in doing a diagnosing, it does non stipulate how studies from different information should be combined. The job lies in the deficiency of standardisation and continuity in this procedure that dramatically displacements who is considered a instance. Since there are about 2 million kids diagnosed with ADHD, means that on norm there will be at least one kid with ADHD in every schoolroom. ADHD affects kids across all environments, therefore alterations in the schoolroom are necessary as portion of a holistic attack to intervention. A A Sherman, Rasmussen A ; Baydala 2008, makes the correlativity that instructors and other school professionals are frequently the first to propose the diagnosing of ADHD.A Switching the profession who determines the diagnosing from doctors and wellness attention suppliers to instructors function can assist advance a positive collaborative attack to turn toing and handling ADHD.A Physicians now are sing teacher ratings when naming and handling their patients.A This coaction between wellness professionals, instructors and parents are of import factors while implementing intercessions. The job arises when wellness professionals create a intervention or intercession for their patient, without sing how in structors will accept the intervention. The chief job with instructors take parting in the intercession is the sum of clip required.A The degree of accomplishment and clip committedness necessary to put to death the intercession creates unneeded hazards for the other kids in the classroom.A Integrate this subdivision with above While school professionals harmonizing to Rowland et Al, ( 2002 ) are frequently the first group to detect marks of ADHD, kids are frequently non diagnosed by psychologists or head-shrinkers but instead, baby doctors or other primary attention providers.A In these instances, most primary attention doctors do non utilize the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) as a criterion when measuring ADHD.A Pediatric Research in Office Settings ( PROS ) has estimated that 62 % of clinicians based their diagnosing on clinical intuition or other non standardized signifiers of appraisals instead than the DSM standards for an ADHD diagnosing. Preschool Children Since more kids [ any manner to quantify this? ] are now traveling to some kind of school before kindergarten, it is natural for kids s alone behaviour to be picked up and characterized by professionals. In preschools, 2-5 % of kids are diagnosed with ADHD. Features of ADHD in this age group include heedlessness, hyperactivity and unprompted behaviours. Socially the kids do non listen to instructions, they have trouble sitting still, and they interrupt conversations and blunder out out inappropriate remarks. These features are riotous to the overall instruction of the pupils in the preschool category and these ADHD pupils are more likely to be suspended from preschools due to riotous behaviours Young A ; Amarasingh ( 2010 ) . xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Covering With ADHD In the Classroom [ see prof s notes talk more by and large about ADHD in the schoolroom before the complications of multidisciplinary intervention programs ] Kyangha Lee s 2008, survey ADHD in American Early- Schooling: From a Cultural Psychological Perspective indicates that the debatable behaviour of the ADHD pupil interrupts the acquisition of the other kids in the schoolroom who deserve to learn.A The attending spent on the kid with ADHD creates such a distraction in the schoolroom that the instructor is so unable to learn the other kids particularly fixing the kids for required province accomplishment tests.A Therefore, it is necessary for everything to flux swimmingly so that all the pupils to larn the academic topics and fix for their tests.A In Kyungwa Lee survey ADHD in American Early Schooling, Jennifer, a 2nd class instructor explains how medication makes her twenty-four hours easier when those pupils have taken their medicine ( 429 ) . However, Jennifer states from a female parent s position the concern that her boy was non demoing his true personality with his medicine even though he was able to concentrate and learn.A Wh ile most instructors do non oppose medicine in serious instances, they do non like the thought of medicating pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten children.A Deb, a pre- Kindergarten instructor, expresses her concern by stating kids are developing so much at this [ age ] so many things are traveling onaˆÂ ¦ and I think giving medicine to set an terminal to the job is non to the kid s benefit ( Lee, 2008, p. 428 ) .A Deb continues by explicating in some terrible instances medicine is necessary similar to the demand of insulin for a diabetic but merely if the diagnosing of ADHD is certain and interfering to a great extent with the kid s education.A While many instructors are concerned about noticeable riotous behaviours, there are some instructors who are more concerned about less seeable and inattentive behaviours. These inattentive kids are overlooked because they are frequently quiet and good but in world their heedlessness interrupt their ain personal acquisition. Carol, a Kindergarten instructor, describes these kids as off in [ their ] ain universe, playing with [ their ] shoe laces, or playing with the rug, or aˆÂ ¦looking at the wallaˆÂ ¦ and non listening or paying attending to what s traveling on ( Lee, 2008, p. 421 ) . With this immature age group, instructors frequently try to avoid hyperactive-impulsive behaviours as a major symptom of ADHD since they are cognizant that these behaviours can be normal for immature kids three and four old ages of age. Preschool instructors have a difficult clip finding if the kid has trouble compared to a kid in simple school ; preschool aged kids are still larning how to command themselves and understand acceptable school behaviour such as how to sit and listen to a narrative. While it is characteristic for preschool pupils to miss self control, the manner the instruction environment is set up the deficiency of place work and prep in these age groups creates trouble for a instructor to distinguish a kid with ADHD from his normal equals ( Lee, 2008 ) . Expected gender features can take to misdiagnosing ADHD.A Boys tend to be over diagnosed due to their hyperactivity, while misss are under diagnosed because they do non move out as much.A Girls have societal outlooks of being quiet, dainty and proper.A They tend to sit down and be quiet while male childs are expected to be for unsmooth and boisterous. The bulk of instructors are more opposed to medicine for misss than male childs Lee 2008. In add-on, instructors are more likely to try behavioural techniques for misss compared to boys. Researchers argue that pharmaceutical intervention is used for advancing the outlooks of a boy codification for what are appropriate masculine behaviours which result in success and accomplishment in competitory acquisition and featuring environments. Ritalin is a manner of bring forthing better male childs by enabling them with the chance to gain A s and non B s in order to concentrate on the earnestness of constructing their hereafter Kindlon and Thompson ( 1999 ) . Lee 2008, shows that kids with ADHD are found across all economic degrees, civilizations and cultural backgrounds at the same rates. It is besides celebrated that those with ADHD tend to hold late birthdays in the school twelvemonth rhythm doing them the youngest in their class.A This might bespeak that portion of ADHD could be a adulthood issue because some kids can be up to a twelvemonth behind some of their schoolmates. If the big age spread is so, so no medicine could do a kid behave older than their age.A If a kid is biologically immature for their age group or even Acts of the Apostless younger, instructors so perceive these pupils as problematic, which in bend can take to labeling kids as pathological or sick.A Rogoff, 2003 describes how age is non tracked in many cultural communities in footings of age norms.A The job with Western schools is that they are connected in industrialisation that places value one s efficiency and productivity.A Develop these farther. Harmonizing to Mooney ( 2000 ) 60 % of those with ADHD and or Learning Disabilities end up in gaol, while 80 % terminal up in the mental infirmaries. [ Is this right? ] This dismaying statistic demonstrates that this job is more than an issue in the schoolroom. The fact that so many kids with larning troubles end up in gaol and or the mental establishment shows that this is a public issue because some former pupils could be menaces to society. It is of import to stress that non every kid with ADHD is traveling to turn up as a menace to society, and if they do, it that does non intend that they are in gaol for slaying. It could merely be the fact that since some did non graduate high school, they might hold trouble set downing a occupation to back up them and as a consequence have to back up themselves by other agencies. Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD However, the intervention of ADHD during pre school old ages is widely controversial because of recent medicine tests. The Preschools with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study ( PATS ) [ in what twelvemonth? ] was the first controlled test to measure the safety and efficaciousness of Ritalin ( one of the active ingredients in stimulating medicine ) in kids between 3 and 5 old ages old. This test was configured to measure the short-run efficaciousness and long term safety in preschool kids with ADHD. Thirty per centum of the participant s parents reported moderate to terrible inauspicious side effects such as emotional jobs sleep issues, decreased appetency and crossness. These side effects were doing excessively much injury for some so that 11 % of the participants dropped out of the test due to the unbearable side effects ( Daley, Jones, Hutchings A ; Thompson ( 2008 ) . This shows that one of import concern for medicine is the study of unwanted side effects. S ome of these side effects include clinginess, melancholy, and crossness, backdown in drama, decreased appetency and difficultly kiping. Another survey done by the Preschools with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study ( PATS ) sponsored by the National Institutes of Mental Health showed the correlativity between stimulating medicine and growing deceleration with important diminutions in tallness and increase in rate of weight addition in kindergartners. Posey, Bassin A ; Lewis ( twelvemonth? ) Preschoolers who remained on stimulations experienced a 20 per centum lessening in expected tallness addition and a 50 five per centum lessening in expected weight addition ( Timimi, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the NIMH, these pupils are more susceptible to inauspicious drug side effects such as reduced socialisation, appetite suppression, weariness, sleep jobs and temper deregulating, with troubles such as dysphasia and crossness to a point where parents end up taking to stop t he medicine and describe some concentration betterment. As many as150, 000 kids ( 1.5 % of all preschool kids ) are taking stimulations, tranquillizers, antidepressants or antipsychotic drugs. This tendency non merely indicates the addition of kindergartners taking medicine, but besides shows they are likely to take medicine for longer periods of clip [ than who or what? ] ( Posey et al. ) . When taking a medicine attack for a preschool aged kid it is necessary to see a figure of factors such as rapid cardinal nervous system development, higher rates of inauspicious effects, affected emotional and cognitive developments, linguistic communication and developmental degree and the fact that about all medicines for ADHD are non FDA approved for kids less than five old ages of age ( Posey et al. ) [ day of the month, page ] . It was one time believed that the critical periods of neurodevelopment were limited to gestation and babyhood. Now, nevertheless, it is considered a procedure that remains throughout a individual s lifetime. Therefore, with this information, exposures to environmental toxins, including pharmaceuticals, can ensue in a diminution in cognitive or behavioural maps. Presently, in the field of neuroscience and developmental psychological science, the importance of protecting the normal development of young persons and teens has increased for two grounds. First , the importance of maximising the encephalon growing in childhood straight correlates with the addition of intelligence and decreases the badness of dementedness in the ulterior phases of life. [ beginning of old statement ] This rational and emotional adulthood depends on the white affair called medulla in the encephalon. Finally, if medicine is present, it may forestall the catch-up growing in the encephalon from the normal development, which has been linked to long term shortages in grownup knowledge ( Timimi, 2009 ) . While all these side effects are true, instructors tend to concentrate more on the positive than negative effects of medicine. These positive effects centre on being successful and working in school. The instructor s position of positive effects fit into the cultural beliefs about the independent ego as stable and in control. Because of the manner that the school system is set up, there are limited ways for a kid to prosecute in originative look in school. [ is this Anna s sentiment or a fact? ] The instructors perceptual experience of medicine is that it helps the pupil to be in control of their emotions is short sighted. The accent on accomplishment in standardised trials deprives kids of the chance and clip to foremost develop ego control and ego subject. The manner the school system is presently set up, instructors start in the incorrect topographic point by stressing on what pupils can non make or make non cognize. There must be a better system that builds a kid s self-respect on strengths, accomplishments and abilities to prosecute the whole individual to their greatest potency. There needs to be less of a push to label kids with everything they struggle with and turn disablements into something everyone can easy work with, on occasion work about, and sometimes turn into a strength? [ cheque quote does it truly hold a inquiry grade? ] ( Lee, 2008 ) . Summarize up this subdivision and passage to following subdivision. Non-pharmacological interventions This needs an debut Since there is much concern and uncertainness about the long term effects of stimulating medicine in immature kids, parent preparation for preschool kids must be the first measure in the intervention program. Parent preparation is the healthiest intervention since there are no chemical changes and the most lasting signifier of intervention since it develops one s accomplishments to modify their behaviour. Parental preparation purposes to learn parents to larn how to place and pull strings the ancestors and effects of a kid s behaviour. Harmonizing to Logian, Elbert, A ; Johnson ( 1998 ) , parent preparation besides includes how to treat, mark and to supervise debatable behaviours by honoring positive societal behaviours through congratulations, and positive attending while diminishing unwanted behaviours through planned clip out and other non physical disciplinary techniques. These are extremely structured plans that can run up to several hebdomads long. An illustration of a parent preparation plan is the Incredible Years Program which has been found to be effectual for preschool kids with early oncoming symptoms of ADHD every bit good as other behavior upsets. Parents that enrolled in this plan reported that they noticed lower degrees of inattentive and hyperactivity impulsive symptoms in comparing to parents who were in the control group. Harmonizing to Jones, 57 % of these kids had such an betterment with their intervention that they were no longer had symptoms to stay classified as ADHS and remained so at their 18 month follow up rating. This manner the ADHD symptoms are addressed by working with the parents to enable them to modify and heighten their parenting accomplishments in hopes of bettering the parent- kid relationship. Therefore, parent preparation purposes to learn parents how to place and pull strings a kid s behaviour, mark and proctor debatable behaviours, and how to honor with appropriate positive attending. The end of parent preparation is t he same as behavioural therapy but differs in the fact that the parent is the 1 to increase one on one contact and learn their kids schemes sing how to get by with job behaviours. Parent preparation plans are good in the intervention of ADHD because it helps parents go more competent in covering with their kid s behaviour. The ADHD NICE Clinical Guideline recommends that a similar parent preparation plan mentioned above demands to be the first line of intervention in preschool kids. Harmonizing to some parents, this topographic points emphasis that they are at mistake because it places incrimination that they lack rearing accomplishments or are bad parents. Alternatively, parents should see parent preparation as a manner to optimise their accomplishments to run into demands of their kids with ADHD ( Young A ; Amaraskinghe, 2009 ) . Once the kid matures and reaches school-age, peer relationships and emotional jobs may besides be present doing isolation, unpopularity, unhappiness, anxiousness and a lower sense of ego worth. These jobs lead to the kid holding jobs at school, societal scenes and with the household. Harmonizing to Daly, in this age group similar to preschool kids, the intervention should concentrate on the nucleus jobs of attending, impulsivity and hyperactivity control. In respects to this specific age group, parent preparation is besides the best non-pharmacological attack. In these kids the effectivity in handling ADHD has been evaluated in a big figure of surveies that demonstrate a decrease in symptoms including reduced degrees of household hurt. Using parent preparation in school age kids is supported by the NICE Clinical Guidelines which recommends the usage of parent preparation for kids up to thirteen old ages of age. The parent developing signifier of intervention is most effectual dependi ng on how you the kid is. The lone negative factor of parent preparation, is that it is found to be less good for kids whose parents besides demonstrate ADHD symptoms ( Young, 2009 ) . [ What about school-based intervention and therapy and/or reding? ] On a fiscal facet, the NICE Clinical Guidelines indicate the value of parent preparation as cost and resource effectual. Harmonizing to the MTA Cooperative Group, there is no compelling literature to back up that stimulating medicine is capable of bettering the long term effects of ADHD. Research findings have raised the possibility that stimulating medicines may hold a shelf-life which means that these medicines are merely good on a comparatively short term footing. Medication as a standalone intervention is non able to turn to the multiple mental wellness demands and damages associated with ADHD ( Tamimi,2009 ) . [ this subdivision is uncomplete ] Decision With any diagnosing amongst the wellness spectrum from HIV to larning disablements there are stigmas attached to the disease. In this instance, ADHD is no different. There needs to be an accent on parent preparation accomplishment groups to assist develop life long behavior accommodation and schemes instead than jumping sound over to medicine as the speedy hole. While some parents rush to acquire their kid diagnosed as an alibi to explicate their kid s behaviour, the quality of the kid s new life with this diagnosing must be taken into history every bit good. Children deserve more than merely a checklist and medicine. Each kid s symptoms must be to the full evaluated so that he or she can have the best and most appropriate class of intervention for their single demands. An rating should include a household appraisal and both educational and psychological testing. Parents can be supportive of their kids and advocator for their kids s demands to understand that non all the troubles req uires a pill or changing bad parenting. The convergence of both fiscal and social force per unit areas has created an ADHD industry [ explain this industry ] that does non ever function the best involvements of the kid ( Tamimi, 2009 ) . Mooney 2000, provinces if we think about the particular instruction industry, there are the pharmaceutical companies ready to do money off ADHD kid and physicians composing books on ADHD, but the job are that those kids are the 1s that have no voice. Children with ADHD should be engaged in intervention that supports personal command which will take them to better their self-pride instead than have a life-time label and day-to-day medicine. What is the benefit of labeling a kid with ADHD, a diagnosing that they do non needfully to the full understand at a immature age? The diagnosing makes kids experience stupid or messed up by honoring them by giving them their ain particular schoolroom or topographic point outside the schoolroom door on the linol eum floor for all the other pupils to walk and look at them like insects. The job is that we see kids as the job but the existent job lies with the manner we treat them. Daley, D, Jones, K, Hutchings, J, A ; Thompson, M. ( 2008 ) . Attention shortage hyperactivity upset in pre-school kids: current findings. recommended intercessions and future waies. Care, wellness, and development, 35 ( 6 ) , 754-766. DiScala C, Lescohier, Barthel M, et Al. 1998. Injuries to kids with attending shortage hyperactivity upset. Pediatricss 102:1415-1421. Lee, K. ( 2008 ) . Adhd in American early schooling: from a cultural psychological position. Early Child Development and Care, 178 ( 4 ) , Lonigan, G. , Elbert, JC. , A ; Johnson, S.B ( 1998 ) . Empirically supported psychosocial intercessions for kids: An overview. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 138. Mooney, J, A ; Cole, D, ( 2000 ) Learning Outside the Lines New York, NY: Hearth Posey, W, Bassin, A ; Lewis. Preschool attention deficit disorder and medication..more survey needed. Journal Childhood A ; Infant Psychology, 57-77. Rogoff, B ( 2003 ) The Cultural Nature of Human Development. Oxford: Oxford Press Rowland, A, Lessesne, C, A ; Abramowitz, A. ( 2002 ) . The epidemiology of attending deficit/hyperactivity upset: a public wellness position. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 8: 162-170. Sherman, J, Rasmussen, C, A ; Baydala, L. ( 2008 ) . The Impact of instructor factors on accomplishment and behavioural results of kids with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) : a reappraisal of the literature. Educational Research, 50 ( 4 ) , 347-360. Tamimi, S. , A ; Leo, J. ( 2009 ) Rethinking ADHD from Brain to Culture. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan Wolraich, M, Stein, D, Rushton, J, OConner, K ( 2010 ) Pediatricians Attitudes and Practices on ADHD Before and After the Development of ADHD Pediatric Practice Guidelines. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13 ( 6 ) , 563-572. Woodard, R. ( 2006 ) . The Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adolescents in Primary Care: A Practical Guide. Primary Care Approaches, 32 ( 4 ) , 363-370 Young, S, A ; Amarasinghe, M. ( 2010 ) . Practitioner Review: Non-Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD: a Lifespan Approach. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51 ( 2 ) ,116-133.

A Friend of Jims

A Friend of Jims A Friend of Jims A Friend of Jims By Maeve Maddox Theo Smith writes: I am often frustrated by what I call a double possessive. We seem to say and write friends of Jims not friends of Jim when the item possessed   is stated before that which possesses it. But when the possessor is identified first, we say, for example, Jims friends. Whats up with this? The double possessive appears in that of indicates possession and so does the apostrophe s (s) appended to the possessor. What can you tell me about this?    This double genitive construction includes both a friend of Jims and a friend of his. Its one of those English idioms that tries the souls of logic lovers, but it has been in the language for a very long time because it works. The double genitive makes it possible to distinguish between definiteness and indefiniteness. It also eliminates ambiguity. For example, theres a distinct difference of meaning between the following phrases: a photo of Daniel a photo of Daniels Although in use since Chaucers time or before, the double genitive attracted the attention of 18th century grammarians; their disapproval did nothing to stamp it out. Modern style manuals offer guidelines. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, The possessive form may be preceded by of where one of several is implied. â€Å"A friend of Dick’s† and â€Å"a friend of his† are equally acceptable. 7.29 The AP Style Book goes into more detail: DOUBLE POSSESSIVE: Two conditions must apply for a double possessivea phrase such as a friend of Johnsto occur: The word after of must refer to an animate object, and The word before of must involve only a portion of the animate objects possessions. Otherwise, do not use the possessive form of the word after of: The friends of John Adams mourned his death. (All the friends were involved.) He is a friend of the college. (Not colleges because college is inanimate). For a linguists take on the double genitive, read Mark Libermans Genitive Anxiety. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)"Confused With" and "Confused About"7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

IBM Business Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IBM Business Strategy - Case Study Example The contributing key success factors were : However, in 2002, with the achievement and success of its business model and the introduction of the new computing architecture like grid and utility computing, IBM made a high-profile announcement about its new corporate strategy centered on the concept of "on demand business". Unluckily, IBM's stock price plunged down and hit the lowest after the disappointing financial results in the first quarter of 2005 with sales increased by merely 3% from the previous year, far lower than many industry analysts' forecast of a 6% increase. It was some years after Sam Palmisano took over as chief executive officer (CEO) in March 2002. As a precautionary measure, the company announced an immense restructuring in its European operations. Even though there were improvements in the second quarter, some began to express their uncertainties and doubts whether the "on demand business" strategy would deliver the promised results. More distinctively, many started to question how and why such a strategy was accepted and justified in the first place. In order for IBM to remain competitive and ahead of its competitors in the increasingly crowded marketplace, a new corporate strategy called the "On Demand Business," was conceived. ... In an interview, Ginni Rometty, the global head of IBM's Business Consulting Services, talks about the on demand era and on demand business. "The on demand era is primarily characterized by change. Companies are being challenged to respond with speed to an increasingly fast paced and complex environment. Because the rate of change in this environment will become constant and unpredictable, adaptability and flexibility will be critical. Successful companies will have the ability to nimbly adapt to changes in their environment, from sensing and responding to the needs of customers in realtime to adjusting spending around market fluctuations. An on demand business is one whose business processes -- integrated end-to-end across the company and with key partners, suppliers and customers -- can respond with speed to any customer demand, market opportunity or external threat. In our research into the long-term business and technology trends affecting companies, IBM has identified four essen tial attributes of an on demand business: responsive, variable, focused and resilient. As companies move along the continuum between traditional and on demand business, they will more strongly exhibit these characteristics." On the other hand, we might wonder if this new strategy really works If this makeover is a success, why did the stocks of IBM plummet in the recent years Perhaps, there are loopholes in the process of implementation with this new corporate strategy. The result of my thorough investigation, analysis, and research showed that the critical issues involve here are Industry Development and Strategic Development. Industry Development. An Industry

Food Quality and Safty Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food Quality and Safty - Case Study Example Manufactures should embrace certain systems that ensure the integrity of the food in terms of health and quality. In order to do this they need to follow certain safety and quality assurance systems, which have been developed to safeguard the food quality. Some of them are obligatory while others are voluntary the obligatory ones are known as safety assurance systems. The difference between mandatory and voluntary systems is based on good Hygiene practices GHP as well as good manufacturing practices GMP (Sikora and Stranda 2005, p.85). Good hygiene practices systems will ensure the firms production process adheres to the highest standards of cleanness and food such as meat would never be exposed to contaminants or foreign particles such as plaster since it would be thoroughly examined before being released into the market. The law does not require the other quality management systems although desirable to consumers and society such as having quality assurance control points, which are put in place strategically with the view of eliminating hazard (Sikora and Stranda 2005, p.85). Quality control points allow the manufactures to check the products in stages, for instance, in bread production; the manufactures can check the dough after it has been through the oven for soot burnt parts. If this were to be done at every stage of production, the hazards would be considerably reduced as well as the margin for error in the final product. Hazard analysis and critical control points(HACCP) is considered to be the most important method of controlling safety hazards in food and drugs, its effectiveness is enhanced by the fact that, instead of inspecting the finished product, HACCP identifies the physical, chemical, and allergic hazards in the food during the production process, as such it is considered a preventive method. It can be applied in any

Physical Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Physical Science - Essay Example Notably, the conclusion of scientific trails usually emphasizes on a given number of trials so that the findings of the investigation are valid, accurate, and applicable to the natural world (Gauch 58). The fundamental scientific method elements include objective, consistent, observable, pertinent, parsimonious, falsifiable, and reproducibility. Falsifiable – this is concerned with the fact that the hypothesis should sometimes be proven incorrect using observable data set within the experiment; otherwise, the experiment is never pegged on the research hypothesis fully. Consistent – this element requires the use of law of reasoning in formulating the hypotheses and the same should be made consistent with broader and currently understood scientific laws (Murty 43). It is worth noting that it is only in rare cases that the hypothesis within a broader usually turns to be incomplete or incorrect. It is worth noting that effective application of the scientific method elements is significant in eliminating biases, unnecessary complications, and inconsistencies thereby helping in creating an accurate theoretical framework and structure that describe the natural world (Gauch 78). In essence, the scientific method elements usually help in regulating research work and exemplifying the scientific method

Vocabulary Learning Through Computer Assisted Language English Language Essay

Vocabulary Learning Through Computer Assisted Language English Language Essay Abstract The importance of learning English as an international language requires the acquisition of vocabulary as the basic and necessary skill. By the improvement of technology, and computer in particular, many researches are done to show the influence of technology on vocabulary learning. This literary review is done to show the importance as well. Introduction Michael Levy defined Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) in his book as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning (p.1). It is recognizable in the academic literature for about the last thirty years. CALL has been made possible by invention and development of the computer. They developed from large mainframe computers to smaller, faster, and easier ones. For all those who whish to create new CALL materials, points of departure range dramatically from top-down approaches centered perhaps upon a theory of language or language learning, or a curriculum specification, while others might develop CALL materials from the bottom up, perhaps by using the computer to address a particular classroom problem. Other points of departure might include a learning strategy , a macroskill, computer conferencing, or an exploration of aspects of the technology itself. There are practical issues to considerfor example, the selection of the hardware a nd software development tools for the project, Hypercard, Authorware, Toolbook, CALIS, C, and Visual Basic, or a mark-up language to enable publishing on the World Wide Web such as Hypertext or Virtual Reality Mark-up Languages (HTML and VRML), are just a handful of many options now available. (Michael Levy, Oxford Linguistic Computer-Assisted Language Learning Context and Conceptualization, p.3) an interdisciplinary perspective on CALL shows it to be a relatively new field of study that has been subject to the influence of a number of other discipline. In addition to the fields of computing and language teaching and learning, real and potential influences in the development of CALL included aspects of psychology, artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, instructional design, and human-computer interaction. Many of these disciplines are relatively new in themselves, having developed significantly since World War II. They each have their own perspective and frame of reference, they often overlap and interrelate, and the extent to which any one discipline should influence the development of CALL has not been determined. At various times, CALL workers have called upon each of these fields to guide their own work in some way. (the same, p.7) Development of CALL Jing-hua suggested in his paper presented It is commonly known that the development of CALL mainly experiences three phases, namely, behavioristic CALL, communicative CALL, and integrative CALL. Each phrase is marked by distinct language teaching theories. For example, Behaviousristic CALL is based on the dominant behaviorist theories of learning and teaching of that time, which emphasizes the formation of speaking habit, thus, courseware mainly focuses on practice and drill of language patterns. After behaviorism lost its dominance, cognitive psychology began to gain popularity. Communicative CALL rejects the notion of habit-formation and focuses more on creative language use. So software at that time stressed the importance of communication and creative use of language instead of manipulation of language forms. Under the influence of constructivism, integrative CALL began to gain prominence. Constructivism focuses more on the connection between old knowledge and new knowledge and l earners are taken as active participators who can engage in creative thinking rather than follow ready made knowledge. The development of internet provides learners with enormous amount of authentic materials and also a platform where they can have a real conversation with peers, teachers or native speakers. The integration of the four skills becomes possible and learners individual needs are satisfied to some extent. Studies on computer assisted vocabulary learning have touched upon different aspects of vocabulary learning, among which a line of research is to examine the effects of electronic or online dictionary use or the effects of look-up behavior or the click behavior on word retention (p.60,61). What Does Vocabulary Mean? Vocabulary .. is an essential means of interchanging ideas and of acquiring new experiences Mans growth in ideas has always been accompanied by a corresponding expansion of his vocabulary. (Gray 1939, p.1). When a pupil reads and learns the meaning of familiar words by context, there is reason to believe that the knowledge will be genuine and important. (Thorndike 1934, p.11). The commonest way and perhaps the best way to promote growth of content in words is to allow the child to infer the meaning from context (Chambers 1904, p.50). Vocabulary Acquisition and L2/FL Reading Comprehension Reading is an active skill that involves the reader, the text, and the interaction between the two. Reading in a L2 or FL is a dynamic and interactive process, during which learners make use of a variety of skills and strategies, combined with background knowledge, L1-related knowledge and real-world knowledge to arrive at an understanding of written material (Aebersold and Field, 1997: ix). Constantinescu (2007) suggests that several researchers have argued that vocabulary plays a major part in reading proficiency Aside from knowing how to use the appropriate reading strategies, Grabe (1991, as cited in Butler-Pascoe and Wiburg, 2003: 124) argues that fluent L2/FL readers need to know about 2,000 to 7,000 words and sometimes even more if they want to reach native-like fluency. Similarly, Groot (2000: 62) argues that an adequate understanding of academic texts requires a vocabulary of at least 7,000 words. Generally, L2/FL readers need to recognize approximately 95 per cent of the words in a given text in order to comprehend its meaning and they need to know the different meanings of words according to context, as well as words grammatical properties. What are Language Learning Strategies? Seglar (2001) remarked, Language Learning Strategies could be any set of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner which affect this process (p,26). There are two ways for the second language vocabulary acquisition. S. Prell suggested in his articles wo ways for the second language vocabulary acquisition (p.2): The first method, the experimental method, is CAVOCA. The second method is a more familiar approach to the students, called the bilingual word list. Prell remarked, The first method is the bilingual word list presentation. The second is the Computer Assisted Vocabulary Acquisition (CAVOCA) program.The CAVOCA method attempts to replicate the way the first language is acquired, which is through an incremental process that gradually develops with repeated exposure and constant interaction between the various stages (Groot, 2000, p. 64). The program has four sections, which include storing the word in memory; using the word in several sentences to learn the spelling and meaning; giving examples for long-term memory; and a self-assessment. The second method is a more familiar approach to the students, called the bilingual word list. This method takes less time and produces favorable short-term results (Prell). Prell conducted some experiments and found that both of them wre valuable, yet through some experiments it was proved that they were different from each other: In the first two experiments, the bilingual word list yielded substantially higher results with the immediate tests given than the CAVOCA program. However, in testing the students two to three weeks later, the CAVOCA method produced better results for the retention of the vocabulary. In the third and fourth experiments, the bilingual word list did not show significant differences in the immediate tests from the first two experiments. However, the CAVOCA method showed higher rates of retention for the tests given two to three weeks after the initial test. Information Processing Iheanacho (1997) remarked in his research suggests that cognitive theorists assume that any complete theory of human cognition must include an analysis of the plans or strategies people use for thinking, remembering, understanding and producing language (p.18). Iheanacho (1997) remarked in his research The memory system explains the interrelationship among the three main storage structures of the brain: Sensory register, Short term memory (STM), and Longterm memory (LTM) (p.2). According to Schwartz and Reisberg (1991), the STM provides a small storage repository where the information is repeated over and over through a maintenance rehearsal process. When a piece of information is repeated and rehearsed, the probability of retaining that information can increase. But the STM is limited in how much information it can hold. The maintenance rehearsal helps to transfer the excess information which is not yet needed to another storage called Long-Term Memory (LTM). LTM provides a storage place of great size containing information that is not immediately active so that the information can be retrieved when needed. According to Miller (1989), LTM helps people to recall events, solve problems and recognize patterns. It is the repository in which we carry out all that we know (Schwartz Reisberg 1991). The interrelationship between STM and LTM explains how visual information can enhance retention and recall. According to Posner (1969), visual information can persist in STM after the stimulus is diminished. Additionally, visual information can be activated and retrieved from the LTM. The information processing model can account for the effectiveness of visuals in learning. Visual research Heinich, Molenda and Russell (1993) proposed that learning is facilitated when instruction follows a sequence from actual experience to iconic representation, and then to symbolic or abstract representation. Visuals make abstract information more concrete and are suited for analogical reasoning (Levie, 1987). Pictures and prose can be used to help both skilled and unskilled readers to enhance their reading skills ( Holmes, 1987). Holmes studied the ability of 116 fifth and sixth grade students to answer inferential questions. Three groups were established. The first group used pictures, the second group used prints, and the third group used a combination of prints and pictures. His purpose was to examine skilled and unskilled readers to see if there would be a significant difference in their ability to answer questions in each approach. He found that pictures enabled both skilled and unskilled readers to answer inferential questions. Holmes therefore suggested using pictures to initially improve inferential reading, and then gradually advancing to using print only. Imagery and vocabulary acquisition Furthermore, a study conducted by Paivio and his associates (1971) revealed that when learners are instructed to use images to commit a list of words to memory, recall is facilitated dramatically. In the study, subjects were required to learn pairs of words by rehearsing each pair, by making up a sentence for each pair of words, and by forming a mental image for each pair of words, with the image combining the words. They found that subjects who learned through imagery performed better on a recall test. Dual-coding theory Dual-coding theory contends that pictures and words activate independent visual codes (imagens) and verbal codes (logogens). The verbal system is language-like and specializes in linguistic activities associated with words and sentences, whereas, the visual system is thought of as a code for images and other picture-like representations (Rieber, 1994; Rieber, 1992). Rieber further explains that both verbal and visual subsystems have unique properties. Whereas logogens are stored in the verbal system as discrete elements, resembling words and sentences, imagens are stored as continuous units in the visual system. According to (Paivio, 1986; Rieber, 1992; Rieber, 1994), dual coding theory assumes that three levels of processing can occur within the verbal and visual systems. These are: representational connections, associative structure, and referential connections. Representational connections occur between incoming stimuli and either the verbal or visual system. Whereas verbal stimuli activate verbal memory codes, visual stimuli activate visual memory codes. Rieber (1994) explained that the important aspect of referential connections between the verbal and visual systems are not one to one, but can be one to many. For example, seeing a picture of a computer may invoke many verbal responses, such as an Applecomputer, an IBM computer or a Laptop computer. This concept can be applied when using pictures to learn vocabulary. Associative structures refer to activation or processing of information within any of the systems. The processing of information in the verbal system is assumed to be sequential or linear; whereas, processing of information in the visual system is believed to be parallel or synchronous. The separate coding systems, however, can aid each other so that something coded in both picture and verbal forms can be easily remembered (Rieber, 1994). The probability of recall is increased due to the availability of two mental representations instead of one. If one memory trace is lost, the other is still available (Rieber Kini, 1991). Multimedia CALL and vocabulary acquisition Studies (Reid, 1996; Davis Lyman-Hager, 1997; Zimmerman, 1997) showed the effectiveness of multimedia CALL on vocabulary learning in particular and language learning in general. Based upon this review, multimedia CALL programs that use motion pictures, still pictures, and text can help ESL students to improve their vocabulary skills. But it is not clear if a multimedia program with motion pictures or the one with still pictures will be more effective for intermediate level ESL students. More empirical studies to investigate the effectiveness of multimedia CALL with motion pictures and still pictures on vocabulary acquisition of ESL students can lead to the development of more effective methods for vocabulary acquisition. Motion graphics and still graphics Many studies (Rieber Kini 1991; Siribodhi, 1995; Rieber, 1990; Rieber, 1996) have shown that computer graphics are effective for gaining attention. Furthermore, Iheanacho (1997) suggested that computer graphics can encourage students to create mental images that in turn make it easier for them to learn certain types of information. The difference between motion graphics and still graphics is that motion creates the illusion of movement which helps to explain abstract concepts (Bricken, 1991; Rieber, 1994). In 1996, Rieber conducted a study to explore how users interact and learn during a computer-based simulation given graphical and textual forms of feedback. He found that subjects learned more when provided with animated graphical feedback than with textual feedback. Rieber hypothesized that interactive forms of multimedia, such as computer. simulations will promote different levels of processing depending on the type of representation used (e.g. text, graphics, motion and sound). In an earlier study, Rieber Kini (1991) contended that in contrast to static graphics, animated graphics can provide users with additional information through two important visual attributes: motion and trajectory. They also added that animation can provide information about whether the object is moving or whether the objects motion changes over time. Still or static pictures, on the other hand, lack motion and are more abstract than motion pictures. Still pictures suggest motion whereas motion pictures show life in action, can be used to study specific elements, and can bring us close to the point of visual contact (Dale, 1969). EXPERIMENTS ON COMPUTER-ASSISTED VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN THE ESL CLASSROOM RESEARCH QUESTIONS Pelletreau (2006) conducted an experiment Of chief importance in this study was the degree to which students would take advantage of computer-assisted opportunities for incidental vocabulary learning while performing online reading tasks. The study necessarily addressed a more fundamental question: How would students learn new words in the course of completing computer-based reading tasks? Lastly, and most importantly for this study, how was the learning of non-target words related to the learning of target words? (p.16). In an earlier study (see Juffs et al., April, 2006), students frequently used the online dictionary to look up the meanings of target words. In fact, students accessed 71% of all the definitions available to them on average, and yet, such behavior did not correlate with mastery of words (r = .16, n.s.). The best predictor of word mastery (as defined by 2 correctly answered post-reading vocabulary questions) was number of texts read (r = .86, p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ .0001). In other words, students reading more texts mastered more words, though the time spent clicking on hints had almost no effect on word mastery (Juffs et al., April, 2006). If students were not benefiting from looking up target words, it may have been because they were not actually making use of target-word definitions. But what were they doing while reading? They were either unable or unwilling to learn target-word definitions. It became apparent that students were not gaining a substantial learning advantage by using the online dictionary. In other words, students were not achieving a desired learning outcome. They resisted their language-learning task and instead participated in a counter-task (Lantolf Thorne, 2006, p. 238) In this context, a decision was made to allow students to look up any word in the online dictionary. Perhaps students had been focusing their attention on non-target words, or maybe they had other preferred (and unknown) methods of using the program. It was clear that students were likely not using the REAP program the way they had been expected to, and it was also apparent that the instruments to gather data about students behavior in the LMC were lacking. As a result, REAP was modified to allow students to look up the meaning of any word, and the number of clicks of both target and non-target words was recorded. Because quantitative data alone would provide an incomplete picture of student vocabulary-learning behavior, qualitative data collection instruments were introduced. Students could be valuable sources of information about their own vocabulary-learning techniques. The acquisition of target vocabulary was thought to depend on student comprehension of non-target words. It was hypothesized that students would use information about non-target words to assist them in their target-vocabulary tasks. It may have been the case that knowledge of non-target words surrounding target words would aid students in making lexical and semantic connections that facilitated target-word acquisition. In line with such reasoning, a strong positive correlation between non-target and target-vocabulary acquisition was posited, at least up to a particular critical threshold. For those students who knew the meanings of very few of the words surrounding target words, it was reasoned, target-word acquisition would be minimal. In such a scenario, such students would have too many gaps in their word knowledge and too few resources to be able to acquire a considerable number of target words. In effect, students learning more non-target words were predicted to learn more target words, though only up to a point. Student accuracy on measures of target vocabulary knowledge should have correlated strongly with non-target vocabulary acquisition up to some critical point. After a certain threshold, the acquisition of additional non-target words might have led to a decrease in the number of target words acquired. Such a threshold may have depended in part on the general language proficiency of the student (measured in this case by the MTELP score). The finite nature of the students language-learning resources, including processing power, attention and memory, may also have been important. It was thought that students spending much of their time learning as many non-target words as they possibly could would likely perform as poorly with respect to target-word acquisition as those who paid little or no attention to non-target words. In such cases, it was plausible that temporal and cognitive constraints (Sweller, 1988; 1994) would lead to students acquiring relatively fewer target words. In effect, the distribution of target words acquired versus non-target words acquired should have been more or less nonlinear. That is, target-word learning should have reached some maximum value for a moderate value of non-target word learning. Additionally, the amount of non-target word acquisition occurring in the study should have been much less, on average, than that of target-word acquisition. While there may have been some exceptions, the explicit instructions to focus on target words coupled with the way the words appeared should have led to relatively greater student attention to target words. It should also be pointed out that students answered cloze questions testing their knowledge of target words (for which they received feedback) after each reading, while they answered no such questions and received no feedback pertaining to non-target words. Greater attention and in general, more cognitive resources devoted to target words should have translated to differential target and non-target vocabulary learning. In terms of predicting how many target and non-target words students learned, general language proficiency should have provided some indication of such information. Pelletreau (2006) concluded in this experimenr, Non-target word lookups did not correlate with target word acquisition. Students did not appear to learn target words faster or better by attending to non-target words. As a result, the relationship between the explicit and incidental learning students engaged in remains unclear. The relative effectiveness of each, as well as the optimal balance of explicit and incidental learning in such a context, is an open question. Benefits of CALL for Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension According to Constantinescu (2007) Multimedia refers to computer-based systems that use various types of content, such as text, audio, video, graphics, animation, and interactivity. Constantinescu (2007) mentioned in his article Most research on vocabulary acquisition and CALL has focused on the effects of multimedia glosses, and the same is true for reading comprehension, since vocabulary and reading are closely and reciprocally related. This reciprocal relationship also accounts for the fact that many research studies on vocabulary development and CALL also examine reading comprehension, and vice versa. Multimedia Glosses and Vocabulary Development One of the first to examine the effects of multimedia glosses for vocabulary development were Lyman-Hager and Davis (1996), who integrated a computer program into the French foreign language curriculum and discussed vocabulary acquisition and students glossing choices for 262 intermediate level students studying French. Two conditions were used in this study: computerized reading and non-computerized reading using an excerpt of Oyonos Une Vie de Boy. Both groups had access to glosses: the computer group had access to multimedia annotations, whereas the control group could consult printed text with the same glosses. As to whether or not computer treatment offered significant benefits to FL students, the results of the written recall protocol indicated that the experimental group who used the computer program to read the text significantly outperformed the control group who used the glossed reading in the print form. Using Multimedia for Vocabulary-building Constantinescu (2007) mentioned in his article However, multimedia is not used only for glossing texts. Multimedia is a central component of good computer-assisted skill-building software. Thus, Chanier and Selva (1998) stressed the benefits of multimedia support for learning L2/FL vocabulary and presented ALEXIA, a lexical learning environment for French as a L2/FL, which includes a corpus of texts, a general and a personal dictionary, and a lexical activities unit. After reviewing various viewpoints about the effectiveness of multimedia for vocabulary learning, they propose useful criteria for evaluating the quality of a visual representation in a lexical environment. Groot (2000) presented another multimedia-enhanced computer-assisted word acquisition program, called CAVOCA, whose aim was to speed up the vocabulary acquisition process. CAVOCA is an interactive program that takes learners through different stages of vocabulary development: deduction, consolidation, and long-term re tention. Benefits of Multimedia-enhanced Dictionaries Other research that focused on vocabulary development with technology argued for the increased effectiveness of multimedia-enhanced electronic dictionaries designed specifically for English language learners, and which have several built-in aids that their book counterparts cannot provide (e.g. the Longman Interactive English Dictionary, the Oxford Picture Dictionary Interactive, etc.) (Butler-Pascoe and Wiburg, 2003: 126-12) Benefits of Multimedia for Reading Comprehension The positive effect that multimedia has on reading comprehension comes, according to Busch (2003: 278), from the great advantage that online readers have over traditional printed readers: the possibility to enhance computerized texts with glosses in multimedia format. The effects of multimedia glossing received increased attention as researchers considered the possibility that computer-aided reading could create more proficient readers by offering a choice of various types of glosses to develop better vocabularies, greater background knowledge surrounding the text, and more effective reading strategies (Lyman-Hager and Davis, 1996: 775). Constantinescu (2007) remarked some principles for instructors to increase the efficiency of the introduced strategies: First Principle: Instructors Should Pay More Attention to the Existence of Various Teaching Tools For vocabulary acquisition, instructors could make great use of technology by using multimedia glossed texts, electronic dictionaries, corpora and concordance software, as well as various vocabulary-building software. Second Principle: Instructors Should Introduce Multimedia-glossed Texts into Their Vocabulary/Reading Classes Multimedia glossing triggers better results when compared to print glosses. Moreover, full glossing seems to be the best facilitator of vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension, as opposed to little or non-glossed texts. In addition, best results in retention are triggered by picture + text annotations, whereas pronunciation, video, and audio glosses seem to correlate negatively with reading comprehension. Third Principle: Instructors Should Be Acquainted with the Criteria for Software and Courseware Evaluation (e.g. goals, presentation, appropriateness, outcomes), As Well As Take Into Consideration Two Very Important Factors: Time and Effort Teachers must be aware that there are many different types of software or online materials available for ESL / EFL, however, not all of them are valuable for classroom instruction. Some materials focus on specific skills, while others focus on a wide range of skills and strategies. Moreover, instructors should also ensure that the materials used in class are motivating for students and are at an optimum, i+1 difficulty level, so that progress can be attained. Teachers should also pay attention to students level of familiarity with computers and keep in mind whether the chosen software will trigger the desired outcomes. Fourth Principle: Instructors Should Keep Up with Current Methodology and Make Best Use of Visuals and Multimedia Good CALL programs should make best use of visual elements and multimedia glossing, as well as generate students participation. The programs should be interactive, allowing the students to make choices. Also, they should consist of a wide range of different types of exercises in which students not only choose the right answers but also type in answers. Summary L2 comprehention depends mostly on acquiring vocabulary at least 7,000 words as was mentioned by Groot (2000: 62). Due to the importance of vocabulary acquisition some ways were discussed, and through some experiments by Prell it becomes clear taht the CAVOCA method produced better results for the retention of the vocabulary (p,3). So, in continuation, my research focused on the influence of different models of Call strategies on accelerating vocabulary learning and how the instructors should use them in the best way to increase their efficiencies. Conclusion Among different forms of computerized ways of vocabulary learning, some ways were mentioned. While being different from each other, it is proved that some of them are more efficient that others. All in all, CALL can be a useful instrument for both teachers and students in regard to the priority it has to the difficult traditional ways.